Evaluating the effectiveness of a collaborative robotic maintenance training platform in extended reality (XR): A comprehensive validation study

Research Article

• Batur Alp Akdoğn Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi iD 0009-0004-4897-0935
• Yunus Emre Esen Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi iD 0000-0001-8319-5605
• Kübra Yayan Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi iD 0000-0001-7003-6437
• Uğur Yayan Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi iD 0000-0003-1394-5209

Published in

Volume 9, Issue 1 (2026)

Pages

123–145

Publication Date

January 31, 2026

Submission Date

August 26, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 22, 2026

Subjects

Instructional Technologies

Abstract

Maintenance training for industrial robotic systems involves challenges such as high costs, safety risks, and hardware limitations. This study presents the validation outcomes of the Multiplayer No-Code Mixed Reality Editor solution developed to provide immersive, interactive, and scalable training. The platform features a no-code scenario creation tool that allows users to design detailed training scenarios without programming knowledge, offering a more hands-on experience than traditional formats. A two-phase research design was adopted, involving 25 undergraduate students (Phase 1) and 6 experienced robotics experts (Phase 2). Participant performance was evaluated using task completion times, pre/post-tests, the System Usability Scale (SUS), and the NASA Task Load Index (NASA- TLX). The findings showed significant advantages over traditional methods. Results indicated high usability (average SUS score of 78) and a balanced cognitive workload (average NASA-TLX score of 4.3). XR- trained experts completed virtual scenarios up to 76.8% faster and real- world tasks 28.7% faster than their traditionally trained counterparts, reporting higher clarity and applicability. These results prove that editör is an effective, efficient, and user-friendly training solution for both novice and expert users in industrial robotic maintenance.

Keywords

• Extended Reality (XR)
• Robotic Maintenance
• Training Effectiveness
• Validation
• System Usability Scale (SUS)
• NASA-TLX

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